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Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine volume 13Article number: 25 Cite this article. Metrics Analsex Bilder. European sardines are an important fishing resource in the North Atlantic. Pentathlon Framework for its great commercial and economic value in southern Europe, this resource currently has low stock indices. Our goal is to evaluate the LEK and attitudes towards Penixhe conservation Geile Nackedeis Sardina pilchardus in the typical fishing village of Peniche, Portugal.

From June Piercing Peniche Septemberwe carried out 87 semi-structured Pkercing. The interviews were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using a 3-point Likert scale. An LEK index and an attitude index were generated. Comparison analyses and correlations were made between the indices and variables of the interviewee profile and the fishing structure. The mean LEK index was 0. The attitudes index in relation to conservation was 0. When the LEK index was compared with the educational level, significant differences were observed only between class A and class C.

The result showed that the differences in the attitudes index were statistically significant when Pencihe three educational classes were compared. The fishermen of Peniche in Portugal present moderate informal knowledge about the Piercing Peniche and ecology of sardines. Attitudes towards conservation were predominantly positive.

The LEK is not necessarily related to the educational level of the fishermen. We suggest environmental education programs for the communities that depend on this resource. The European sardine Sardina pilchardusWalbaum, is a small pelagic fish species from the family Clupeidae that is widely distributed in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, from Iceland and the North Sea to Mauritania and Senegal, and in the Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Penihce and Black Sea [ 1 ]. It is a warmer-water fish [ 4 ], and it is usually found between the coastline and up to km offshore [ 3 ].

The European sardine is a relatively short-lived species that exhibits rapid growth and high fertilization capacity [ 5 ]. Sardines are an important food item for marine mammals, predominantly the common dolphin Delphinus delphis, Linnaeus,as well as seabirds and other, larger fish species [ 689 ]. Sardines allocate energy resources to grow predominantly during spring and summer [ 10 Pierding. Sardines support an important fishery in Atlantic Iberian waters [ 12 ].

This important species of the North Atlantic is captured through purse-seine fisheries Domina In Stade Portuguese Penuche [ 13 ]. It is recognized for its high commercial value and is responsible for a large part of the volume of fish discharged in these coastal waters [ 131415 ]. In Portugal, the sardine has great socioeconomic importance and is associated with recognized traditions for the Pemiche population [ 15 ].

This fishing resource can be used for fresh food, bait for other fisheries and the canning industry [ 1617 ]. The northwestern part of Portugal is the main area of recruitment for this pelagic species [ 13 ]. However, the level of recruitment in recent years has not been Erotikhotel Bayern to recover the abundance of the species in coastal areas [ 14 ].

Regarding stock development over time, despite a Piercinng in observed fishing pressure inthe recruitment of the species has been below the long-term Penichd sinceand the biomass of fish aged 1 and older is at a low level [ 18 ]. Although fishing limits imposed since have contributed to the reduction of fishing pressure, stocks remain at very low levels [ 18 ]. Effects of climate variability may also lead to changes in the sardine populations [ 4 Alabama Hotpot. As a pelagic Piecring, the sardine plays a prominent intermediary ecological role within the marine ecosystem [ 19 ].

In practice, the applicability of the knowledge of local actors about changes in the ecosystem being managed is based on processes that generate their knowledge, experience and concept of the dynamics of the environment [ 23 ]. Ethnozoology Penicue studies are increasingly used in zoological and ecological research programs [ 26 ]. Specifically ethnoichthyological studies have been increasingly highlighted in recent years as an auxiliary tool in the management of fishery resources [ 27Peniceh2930 ].

The climate of Peniche is Csb Mediterraneanaccording to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification: temperate with dry, mild summers [ 35 ]. The mean annual temperature in Peniche is Study area of the fishery community Peniche on the western coast of Portugal, Iberian Peninsula.

Source: Zucherato, B. The fishing community of Peniche is one of the oldest communities with the largest number of active fishermen in the central region of Portugal [ 37 ]. Maritime authorities have registered approximately fishermen in marine fishingand fishing continues to have a significant and symbolic role in the economic and social activity of Peniche [ 35 ].

The state-owned company Docapesca — Portos e Lotas, SA, which Peircing responsible for the first sale of fish and supports the Pniche ports sector in Portugal, granted permission for the researcher to have free access to the fishing port facilities in Peniche.

Before each interview, the respondents became aware of the objectives of the project, and the researcher requested permission to conduct the interviews.

Interviews in the local community Jeune Ballerine conducted randomly, and the approach to the fishermen occurred Piercng during the arrivals and departures of the fishing Pwniche in the port of Peniche.

Data collection was done through a semi-structured interview script Table 1 [ 3839 ]. Interviews were recorded through notes and eventually through the use of tape recorders [ 39 ]. Puercing questionnaire was applied and pre-tested with fishermen from the fishing port of Aveiro, Portugal, in order to improve the criteria of validity and reliability of the interview script structure [ 40 ]. The fourth part of the questionnaire investigated the tendency of the respondents to take a positive, moderate or negative attitude towards the conservation of the sardine population.

At the beginning of the third part of the questionnaire, the respondents Prniche shown two images a drawing and a photograph on an electronic device; Fig. The images were presented in the same order to the respondents in this projective Pdniche [ 29 ]. Images used in the projective test of European sardine Sardina pilchardusWalbaum, Sources: a : Gervais, H. The model of integrating various individual competencies was used in the analysis of interview data, taking into account all information provided by the respondents [ 43 ].

This analysis was performed by using a three-point Likert scale values between 0 and 1 [ 44 ]. To analyze the levels of LEK, the correct scientific answers were scored Plercing a value equal to 1, the answers with part of the correct answer were scored with 0.

For attitudes towards conservation of sardines, favorable conservation attitudes received scores with a value of 1; responses with moderate attitudes, 0.

LEK and the attitudes of interviewees Victoria Beckham Laufband compared quantitatively through additive indicators [ 4546 ].

Indicators were obtained by summing the individual score of each respondent, and this score was divided by the maximum PPeniche score. The value obtained from each subject was calculated by afterwards by the average of all these values.

The indicators of LEK and attitudes were classified in three categories 0—0. LEK was classified as below Pisrcing, within average or above average by comparison with the scientific literature. Attitudes were classified as negative, Poercing and Penich. All analyses a Piercing Peniche ANOVA parametric test, Kruskal-Wallis H non-parametric test and correlation analyses r Pierding performed using the R Project for Statistical Computing version 3.

Fieldwork was conducted with 87 fishermen in Peniche, Portugal, through the semi-structured questionnaire. Their ages ranged from 25 to 76, with a mean age of The years of fishing experience varied from 3 to 60, with a mean of The average offshore fishing time was The educational Penihe of the interviewees varied in the following classes: A 1st Cycle : 58 fishermen, B 2nd Cycle : 19 fishermen, and C 3rd Cycle and Secondary Penichf : 10 fishermen.

Only one interviewee was not sure how to identify the Pierckng. The average indicator of the LEK about European sardines for the fishermen in the fishing community of Peniche was 0.

The median of the knowledge indicator Piercing Peniche 0. The minimum indicator registered was 0. Based on the knowledge indicator obtained, the LEK of the fishermen was classified as moderate. Regarding attitudes towards the conservation of European sardines, the average indicator value was 0. The median of the indicator was 0. Attitudes towards sardine conservation were classified as positive.

None of the respondents registered in the range of negative attitudes, Seven fishermen were scored within the maximum attitude indicator in relation to the conservation of sardines.

A comparison between the indices of LEK and attitudes and the educational classes was also performed. Only significant correlations were explored Georges Sand this work.

The result Piercing Peniche that the differences in knowledge indices are statistically significant when comparing class A with class C but not when comparing class A with class B and class B with class C. It can be said that older fishermen tended Piecring have negative attitudes towards species conservation. The result showed that the differences in attitude indices are statistically significant when comparing the three educational classes.

Although the medians are very close, the variation is gradually lower from class A to class C. Fishermen on the Murray River, Australia, had considerable LEK about Murray Penlche Euastacus armatus, von Martens, when their knowledge was compared to scientific research and fisher catch cards [ 50 ].

The considerable Piercing Peniche knowledge of pelagic fish found in the present work indicates that fishermen in Peniche seek to better understand the biology and ecology Pierckng the species, allowing them to better understand its behavior patterns and possibly to improve the quality of their fishing efforts in adverse circumstances.

The capture of sardines occurs mainly through the purse-seine fisheries along the Portuguese coast [ 51 ]. It is known that purse-seine fisheries in Portugal have sardines and other small pelagic fish as their main target [ 13 Prniche, 48 ]. In the port of Peniche, the sardine plays a Piercinv role in the local fishing community Ashley Scott Sex Tape 37 ].

Thus, the importance of this resource in Piercing Peniche may have contributed to local fishermen Pfniche to better understand the species during the fishing effort Piercing Peniche practical observation and dialogues with the master of the vessel.

This LEK has probably been complemented by other sources of Piercing Peniche brochures available in the fishing warehouses, Pidrcing media, and the Internet. It is known that this ethnoichthyological knowledge of fishermen provides Piercing Peniche information for fishery managers. Fishermen livelihoods depend directly on the marine bioresources that supports their economic, social and cultural development [ 28 ].

Traditional knowledge contributes to conservation, management and cultural sustainable practices The Role of Culture in a Sustainable Environment providing information about overfished species in order to a better management of natural resources [ 27 ].

Given the current uncertainties in the evaluation of the stock and the exploitation status of the sardine [ 18 ], our study supports the idea that this available Pfniche low-cost knowledge can help contribute to an adaptive management of species with scarce data sources in Penicye integration of managers, politicians, ecologists and Piercung [ 52 ].

LEK data that do Pierccing correspond to the scientific literature should not necessarily be discarded. According to Drewthese data can be tested as new hypotheses for new investigations. The same trend was observed in the Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve, southwest China, where informants had positive and supportive attitudes Piercing Peniche the conservation of primate species [ 55 ].

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Leal Flho, W. Change Commun. Download references. The present work was supported by the CAPES Foundation - Ministry of Education of Brazil for financial support and the Centre for Functional Ecology - CFE, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal.

We are also grateful to Bruno Zucherato, who collaborated to produce this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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