First Layer: The wooden mansions in gardens Second Layer: Single Housing Units. Garden cities,.

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Figure 1 shows the relations between the house itself, the garden and the street. They offer a lifestyle that only high income groups can realize, in a secure zone far away from the chaos of the city center. So this encounter of an inclusive way of settlement and the gated settlements in plot scale result in a contradiction and differentiation in the urban space.

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Gated communities Blakely and Snyder, ; Davis, ; Landsman, ; and Low, ,. Gated enclaves Grant, ,. Edge cities Garreau, ,. Enclosed neighborhoods Landman, and.

Physically privatized areas where outsiders and insiders exist Levent and Gülümser, In the last decades, Istanbul has been facing rapid development of gated communities of various types. Those housing formations have emerged in the last two decades and are rising in number day by day. Whether they are single unit houses or apartment blocks, they market both the concepts of luxury, security and lifestyle.

They offer a lifestyle that only high income groups can realize, in a secure zone far away from the chaos of the city center. Some of these settlements also provide its inhabitants a chance to determine who will be their new neighbors. Then gated communities spread to the outskirts of the city, as they were villa communities and needed large areas.

The former provide only a housing function in relation to the existing urban life whereas the latter claims to be an alternative to the city with various social facilities. As the concept of a gated community becomes widespread, there occur various types capturing different needs and tendencies of high-middle and high income groups in city.

Garden cities,. Gated-luxury housing,. Multi-story residences and. Mixed inner city housing. In the context of Turkish urbanization, garden cities built as suburbs and gated-luxury houses emerged in the s.

The common characteristic of those two housing pattern is their peripheral location; they are new settlements at a distance from the city center. They enlarge the boundaries of the city rather than affect the density of the existing housing stock. They may consist of villas and apartments and they offer the middle class an opportunity to have a lifestyle of their own, a personalized way of living rather than the lifestyle that the city center imposes.

Both of these housing typologies were outside the city center; however in the s the tendency towards requiring luxury and security reached the city center Pulat Gokmen, The third type mentioned above, multi-story residence, is a housing type that offers services such as laundry, food, room-cleaning etc.

As they are providing lifestyle, luxury and security, they were also close to the city center. The mixed inner city housing also includes social facilities, shopping centers and office blocks. The latest examples such as the Kanyon project are close to the city center and transportation nodes but draw their boundaries through security gates and architectural design.

Kemer Country - Single unit houses resembling old wooden konaks. Alkent - Single unit houses referring to various historical styles in an eclectic way. According to Levent and Gülümser , gated communities in Turkey are classified as:. The first type refers to the high-rise housing blocks located close to the city center and the central business district. Mixed-use vertical gated settlement. Whether they are situated on the periphery or close to the city, they are newly emerging plots rather than replacements for the existing buildings.

While the gated settlements of the s and s extended the built-area of the urban fabric, there has been a tendency to renew the existing housing stock in last decade.

After defining the layers of transformation, newly emerging apartment block types are discussed in terms of their resemblance with gated settlements. Single housing units are hidden behind walls. Though those residences are in the city center, they are not connected with the city as part of the usual housing pattern of the city.

The transformation of that pattern, which is a combination of an organic relation between housing units and streets, into a pattern of detached gated blocks is a new tendency which has irreversible effects on the structure of the urban space. Case Study: Transformation of the neighborhood into a housing pattern composed of detached, gated settlements on plot scale. This neighborhood became an area of settlement in the late 19th century. The first housing pattern of the neighborhood was the wooden mansions situated on large plots with a high concern for privacy.

By the s those large plots were divided into smaller plots and single housing units were built on each. The strong privacy of the wooden houses was transformed into a high degree of openness to the street. After single housing units with the rise of apartmentalization in Turkey, Feneryolu was also affected and four-story apartment blocks became the dominant typology of the neighborhood.

Despite some changes in building codes, in the s the apartment blocks were allowed to be built up to 7 floors. Although the vertical character of the neighborhood changed, the architectural style of the block remained similar to the former examples, and the relation between house and street was still in a very direct manner.

Concurrently, the concept of gated communities rose in these years. This development of the newly emerging notion of security and being closed to the outer world affected the inner city.

As the elevation of the house was an interface to contend with life in the street in the early periods of housing development of the district, in the last phase of the housing story of the district, it became a boundary surface to detach the house from the public space.

The gated settlement in plot scale is not a housing typology which emerged all of a sudden, but which came into existence through the constant change and transformation of the existing housing patterns under the influence of global housing tendencies.

First Layer: The wooden mansions in gardens Second Layer: Single Housing Units. To understand the current house-street structure of the neighbor, it is significant to understand how that structure was before the last phase of the housing pattern. The layers of transformation in Feneryolu are namely:. First Layer: wooden single houses beginning of the 20 th century ,.

Second Layer: single housing unit s ,. Third Layer: early apartments, -low rise blocks ,. Fourth Layer: early apartments, middle rise blocks ,. Fifth Layer: late apartment blocks, detaching the house from the street ss and. Building the boundary to the street: gated settlements in plot scale s-present day.

First layer Second Layer. Sixth Layer. Figure 1: Relation between house and the street at all layers. First Layer: Wooden Single Houses Konaks. Feneryolu is one of the suburbs of Istanbul emerging at the beginning of the 20th century. Those konaks are comparable to gated communities, but unlike them, they did not exclude urban life and the street. They only provided privacy for the inhabitants.

This privacy was achieved by placing the konak in the center of the plot and curtaining the house through trees. In the early times of the neighborhood, the street pattern used to be very different from the current pattern.

The privacy of konaks was not an attempt to exclude outsiders. As there was not any street pattern, there was no concern about the relation between the house and the street. A konak is an intimate housing space greatly benefiting from the garden.

As can be seen in the table, the elevation of the konak was very transparent and opens to the garden. K onaks were not gated settlements with the building of security walls or barbed wire fences. As is common in every period of change, they were the agents of a new lifestytle. This was an inherent outcome of the house, and was not prompted through ads or marketing techniques. Also the wooden konak pattern did not imply gathering a community of similar income groups and lifestyles.

Figure 1 shows the relations between the house itself, the garden and the street. The konak is a complete entity with its housing space and its garden. Second Layer: Single Housing Unit s In the Early Republican period, the single housing units were the symbols of a modern life. Street, garden and house became integrated and the privacy of the wooden mansion was weakened.

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